國富論（英文版）精彩閱讀 [英]亞當·斯密 ed和is和it 最新章節全文免費閱讀

veryseldoibelieve,had

thegoodfortuofindit

thebillsainedinburghdrewuponbinlondon,heregularlydisuntedtonthsbeforetheyebankor

bankerinedinburgh;andthebillshbinlondonredrewuponainedinburgh,heasregularlydisuntedeitherhthebankofengland,oreotherbankersinlondoneverwasadvanceduponsuchcirculatingbills,ed

inthepaperofthestchbanks,andinlondon,heyweredisuntedatthebankofengland,inthepaperofthatbankthoughthebillsuponhispaperhadbeenadvancedwerealloftheepaidintheirtuassoonastheybecadue;yetthevaluehefirstbill,was

neverreallyretuedtothebanks;because,

beforeeachbillbecadue,anotherbillo

soountthanthebillobe

paid;andthedisuntingofthisotherbilliallynecessarytoentofthatobedue

thispaynt,therefore,,

eansofthosecirculatingbillsofexchange,hadoncebeendetorunoutfroheffersofthebanks,wasneverreplacedbyanystrea

thepaperhosecirculatingbillsof

exanyoccasions,tothewholefund

destinedforevastandextensiveprojectof

agrianufaerelytothat

partofitoney,theprojector

,uneloyedandinready

neyforansandsthegreaterpartofthis

paperly,overandabovethevalueofthegoldandsilveredintheuntry,hadtherebeen

nopapeeyitherefore,the

ploy,and

uponthatacunt,iediatelyretueduponthebanksinordertobeexchangedforgoldandsilver,heyofindastheyulditalhoseprojectorshadvery

artfullyntrivedtodrathosebanks,notonlyhouttheirknoeti,

perhaps,ostdistantsuspicionthat

theyhadreallyadvancedit

inuallydrawingandredrawing

upononeanother,disunttheirbillsale

banker,hestiediatelydisvertheyareabout,andseeclearlythattheyaretrading,nothanycapitaloftheirown,butbutthis

disveryisnotaltogethersoeasyheydisunttheirbillssotisetishanother,and

etnstantlydrawandredrawupon

oneanother,butoccasionallyruntheroundofagreatcircleofprojectors,fortheirinteresttoassistoneanotherinthisthodofraisingney,andtorenderit,uponthatacunt,asdifficultaspossibletodistinguishbetweenarealandfictitiousbillofexchange;betweenabilldrawnbyarealcreditoruponarealdebtor,andabillforherewasproperlynorealcreditorbutthebankedit,noranyrealdebtorbuttheprojeoneywhen

abankerhadevendethisdisvery,heghtsotiskeittoolate,andghtfindthathehadalreadydisuntedthebillsofthoseprojectorstosogreatanextentthat,byrefusingtodisuntanyre,heakethellbankrupts,

andthus,byruiningtheghtperhapsruinhielfforhisoightfinditnecessary,

inthisveryperiloussituation,togoonforsoti,endeavouring,hoohdrahat

acuntkingeverydaygreaterandgreaterdifficultiesaboutdisunting,inordertoforcethoseprojectorsbydegreestohavereurse,eithertootherbankers,ortootherthodsofraisingney;sothathehielfght,assoonaspossible,getoutofthecirclethedifficulties,acrdingly,hebankofengland,heprincipalbankersinlondon,andheventhereprudentstchbanksbegan,afteracertainti,andhadalreadygooofar,tokeabout

disunting,notonlyalard,butenragedinthehighestdegreethoseprojectorstheiroress,ofhisprudentandneediate

occasion,theycalledthedistressoftheuntry;andthisdistressoftheuntry,theysaid,ogetherootheignorance,pusillanity,andbadnductofthebanks,hdidnotgiveasufficientlyliberalaidtothespiritedundertakingsofthoseselvesinordertobeautify,irove,

andenrichtheuntryited

tothink,tolendforaslongati,andtoasgreatanextentastheyghtoborrohebanks,however,byrefusinginthisnnertogiverecredittothosetotheyhadalreadygivenagreatdealtooethodbywas

noosaveeithertheiroorthepubliccredit

oftheuntry

inthedstofthisclauranddistress,anewbankwasestablishedinstlandfortheexpresspurposeofrelievingthedistressoftheuntrythedesignthe

executionprudent,andthenatureandcausesofthedistresseanttorelieve,perhaps,well

understoodthisbankoreliberalthananyotherhadeverbeen,bothingrantingcashacunts,andindisuntingbillsofexadescarce

anydistinctionbetingbills,buttohave

disuntedallequallyitheavohisbank

toadvance,uponanyreasonablesecurity,thealhployedinthoseiroventsofheretusare

thestsloproventsoflandto

protesuentsobethechiefofthe

publicspiritedpurposesforitutedbyits

liberalityingrantingcashacunts,andindisuntingbillsofexchange,it,nodoubt,issuedgreatquantitiesofitsbanknotesbutthosebanknotesbeing,thegreaterpartoftheoverandabovethecirculationoftheuntryuldeasilyabsorbandeloy,retueduponit,inordertobeexchangedforgoldandsilverasfastastheysfferswerenever

alothisbank

attountedtoonehundredandsixty

thousandpounds,ofypercentonlyhis

suughttohave